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Slide #1. Overview of Biological Machines Slide #2. Natural bionanomachines are an existence proof for nanotechnology: <BR>~10,000 working nanomachines in a typical cell Slide #3. Structures of 1,500 unique protein domains are available in the Protein Data Bank Slide #4. The Ribosome <BR>Information-driven nanoassembly Slide #5. Slide 5 Slide #6. Bacteriorhodopsin <BR>Light-driven proton pumping Slide #7. ATP Synthase: rotary nanomotors Slide #8. Slide 8 Slide #9. Slide 9 Slide #10. Actin & Myosin <BR>Macroscale contractile engine Slide #11. The biological environment is unusual in several ways: <BR> <BR>Negligible gravity and inertia <BR> <BR>Dominated by water <BR> <BR>Motion by diffusion <BR> <BR>Atomic granularity <BR> <BR>Evolutionary legacy Slide #12. Inertia Slide #13. Hierarchical strategy harnesses diffusion for construction in the biological environment Slide #14. Methods for building natural bionanomachinery Slide #15. Enzymes improve the speed and specificity of chemical transformations Slide #16. Self-organization Slide #17. Self-assembly Slide #18. Specific interfaces may be designed to create the desired size and shape Slide #19. Interfaces may be designed to create bounded or unbounded structures Slide #20. The Hydrophobic Effect <BR>Water has a strong affinity for itself, and a weak affinity for carbon-rich molecules <BR>Release of water drives the association of carbon-rich molecules Slide #21. Atomicity Slide #22. Atomicity creates the need for significant infrastructure Slide #23. Evolutionary Legacy Slide #24. Evolution allows the testing of many prototypes Slide #25. Evolution may be harnessed for design in the laboratory Slide #26. Biological molecules provide examples of functional nanomachines Slide #27. In many examples, we understand the atomic details of the nanoscale function Slide #28. Biotechnology Slide #29. DNA Slide #30. Seeman Slide #31. Bell Laboratories Slide #32. Adleman Slide #33. Antibodies Slide #34. Immunotoxins Slide #35. HIV protease Slide #36. Structure-based Drug Design Slide #37. ATP synthase Slide #38. Cornell University Slide #39. The Protein Folding Problem Slide #40. Slide 40